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Drinking and Diving

20/9/2023

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Drinking and diving
Although scuba diving is considered a relaxing and recreational sport, it is important to respect the recommendations in terms of alcohol.
There are several reasons why you should avoid drinking alcohol and scuba diving.

​1. You have to stay focused
 
During a dive, the situation can change quickly. Some days, the dive can be relaxed and easy while other days, it can be physically and mentally challenging. This can depend on the current, depth, duration of the dive or the distance swum. Dive conditions may even change from one hour to the next.
Therefore, it is necessary to always be able to react quickly. Alcohol impacts our ability to concentrate and our reaction time.
Alcohol can also make us feel overly confident, which may lead us to take more risks underwater.
 
2. You're risking Decompression sickness

You get more nitrogen in your system: Through an increase in peripheral circulation
Because alcohol increase blood flow, you could be absorbing
You get rid of it slower: Through dehydration
How funny that while being in water, dehydration is probably the number one risk factor for DCS and is already a problem for divers who did not consume alcohol: the pressure, the cold and the tight suit make you want to pee all the time! -> you’re losing liquid= dehydration
Alcohol has diuretic properties (makes you urinate even more)
Haven’t you wondered why pub’s toilets are always packed?
Hence you pee twice more and get dehydrated twice more.
Your blood is thicker, its circulation slower and the elimination of nitrogen bubbles altered.
That’s also why you should not drink too much alcohol even after dives as you are in the process of getting the nitrogen out of your system.

What should you do to stay hydrated?

When you go diving: before and after a dive, especially when you are on a liveaboard trip and do several days of diving, Drink plenty of water before feeling thirsty.
Attention: Drinking coffee, tea or sodas (or beer!) are not as good as drinking water.
It has been said that ideally we should drink one liter of water after every dive.
Eating yogurt, fruits and vegetables rich in water helps you fight dehydration as well as food rich in potassium such as bananas.
It is recommended to stop drinking alcohol (moderately) at least 8 hours before your next dive.
Avoid doing sport or sun bathing after the dives as they also make you more dehydrated.
Drunken effect of alcohol and depth combine: you're losing it...
Drunken effect of alcohol and depth combine: you're losing it...
3. You get cold faster

For a diver, body heat loss is of significant concern. This is because in water, the body loses heat 25 times faster than in air. Alcohol is known to be a peripheral vasodilator; it makes blood vessels widen more than usual.  As blood flows into the dilated vessels, it withdraws heat from the core to surface of the body; although this may bring about a flush of warm feeling, it is short-lived and predisposes the body to hypothermia. Research conducted recently out of Canada indicates that nitrogen narcosis is responsible for delay in shiver response, an important indicator of a considerable heat loss from the body, alcohol is also known to depress the response; complicating the heat loss problem further.

4. Drunken effect of alcohol and depth combine: you're losing it

The danger imposed here is that a diver may be unable to deal with an emergency, something which may land the diver into an accident.
Have you heard of the “martini’s law”? It states that every 15 meters a diver descends is equivalent in effect to drinking a glass of Martini. And of course both alcohol and nitrogen narcosis combine.
It has been proven that drinking alcohol, even the night before a dive, can increase the probability of harmful nitrogen bubbles forming in the bloodstream.
 
 
5. Drink with moderation
 
Drinking during your dive cruise is not prohibited, but you should be careful and drink with moderation. Furthermore, it is always better to drink when you can have a full day of rest to fully enjoy your dives. It is important to remember that it can be difficult to recognize the effects of alcohol on your body, so stay alert!
​
Fresh fruits give energy and good mood!
Fresh fruits give energy and good mood!
Nothing better than coconut juice!
Nothing better than coconut juice!
More Safety advice for divers
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Triggerfish you can encounter while diving in the Andaman Sea

7/9/2023

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Trigger fish you can encounter while diving in the Andaman Sea
There are many species of trigger fish who belongs to the Balistidae family. They live in shallow water near coral reef except for the oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata) who's spend his life in the blue.
oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata)
Oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata)
Titan Triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens)
Titan Triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens)
The most know, specially for his aggressive behavior against divers, is the Titan Triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens). They are in fact protecting their eggs.

​Female will lay their eggs few days before new and full moon after male and female will perform some prespawnings behavior like blowing and touching, to create their nest on sandy or rocky area. They will blow water to create a hole in the floor where the female will lays his eggs. The male will protect and defend the territory from any species swimming too close, and also from the other male triggerfish. Generally, a male will fecund the eggs of few females within his territory.
The impressive tooth of the titan triggerfish
The impressive tooth of the titan triggerfish
Titan triggerfish are known to attack diver who are swimming to close to their nest
Beautiful titan triggerfish observing us
They are known to attack diver who are swimming too close to their nest, and a common diver mistake would be to escape them by shallowing up. Their territory is in a cone shape from the nest getting bigger while going up. So the good reaction would be to swim away horizontal to get out of their zone quickly, keeping our fins in the direction of the fish to avoid any harm.

Another good way to avoid any attack would be to observe their change of behavior.

​They would rise their dorsal fin first, then lean on one side as a last warning, then finally if we are getting even closer to them, they will swim towards us trying to bite whatever they can catch.
This generally happen only when they are keeping an eye on their eggs...
Clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum)
Clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum)
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The beautiful "body painting" of the clown triggerfish
Another trigger fish we love is the clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum) with its white dots on the lower part of the body and its yellow blotch on the back and the face.
​They are less common than the titan, the redtooth or the yellow margin, but still can be found in the archipelago.
Redtooth triggerfish
Redtooth triggerfish
The redtooth triggerfish (Odonus niger) live specially on our pinnacle and like when there is current.
​They will go and hide in cracks and little cavities to rest. They form school and eat mainly plankton.
Yellowmargin triggerfish (Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus)
Yellowmargin triggerfish (Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus)
The yellowmargin triggerfish (Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus) is also very common in the archipelago. It lives in coral reefs and can grow up to 60 cm.
A titan triggerfish on the blue...
A titan triggerfish on the blue...
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How to Spot, Snap, and Get Mesmerized by the Master of Camouflage: The Frogfish!

7/8/2023

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Frogfishes are a group of marine fish that are known for their unusual and often comical appearance. Members of the anglerfish family Antennariidae⁠, these fish are found in tropical and subtropical waters all over the world, and they are popular among scuba divers due to their unique appearance and behaviour.
​

One of the most notable features of frogfishes is their body shape, which is typically plump and round. They have large, bulbous heads, small eyes, and shortened, blunt snouts. Their bodies are covered in small spines and protuberances, which give them a rough, spiky appearance blending perfectly with the reef they call home! 
Frogfishes are also known for their ability to change colour. Unlike the cameleon, it takes several weeks for them to change colour but when they do, they blend in perfectly with their surroundings. This helps them to remain hidden both from predators and to sneak up on their prey. In addition to changing colour, frogfishes also have the ability to expand and contract their bodies, which allows them to move quickly through the water and they are one of the only fishes that can walk!
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Reef clown or reef hunter?

Despite their somewhat comical appearance, frogfishes are actually quite skilled predators. They have a unique method of hunting that involves luring their prey close with a specialized appendage called an esca, which is located on the end of their snout. When a prey animal approaches the esca, the frogfish will quickly snatch it up with its powerful jaws.
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Sex on the reef when you're a frogfish

Frogfishes are also known for their unique mating habits.

When female frogfish are ready to mate, they start producing eggs, causing their bellies to swell and become more buoyant. This attracts male frogfish, who will then nudge the female until they are both floating on the surface. At this point, the female will release her eggs, forming a gelatinous raft that the male will fertilize. Some species leave these rafts to float in the open ocean, while others attach them to their bodies or the ocean floor and guard them until they hatch.
​
Females can produce between 40,000 and 180,000 eggs per season, and the resulting fry emerge from the eggs after 2-5 days looking like tiny jellyfish with long fin filaments. After a few months, they begin to take on the same coloration as poisonous sea slugs, which helps them avoid being eaten by larger fish and other predators. Eventually, the fry will settle onto a reef and stay there until it is time to mate again.
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3 fun facts about frogfishes that you should know about!

1/ Did you know that frogfish get their name from the fact that they resemble frogs? They have unique pectoral fins with an "elbow-like" bend at the front and smaller pelvic fins that resemble legs. This is a characteristic common to all frogfish species.
2/ Another interesting fact about frogfish is that they have the fastest known bite in the animal kingdom, with a predatory strike speed of 1/6000th of a second. This makes their bite the fastest self-powered predatory strike in the animal kingdom, with mantis shrimp and seahorses coming in close behind...
3/ Inflation - Frogfish can inflate their body to startle predators. Frogfish do not have teeth and it swallows its prey in one piece. It can swallow the prey that is 2 times bigger than the fish itself thanks to ability to expand the mouth 12 times its normal size.
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Frogfish Identification

Identifying frogfish can be a challenging task due to their wide range of colors and patterns, as well as their ability to change their appearance to blend in with their surroundings. To determine the species of a frogfish, several characteristics can be used, including size, spot patterns, rod length, and lure type.
One common species of frogfish found in the Indo-Pacific region is the giant frogfish (Antennarius commerson). This species can reach up to 30 cm in size and is distinguished by its long rod (called an illicium) and small, bushy esca (lure) with fine, long filaments. The giant frogfish also has thick, bulb-like second and third dorsal spines.
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Another species found in the region is the freckled frogfish (Antennarius coccineus), which grows up to 10 cm in size and has an illicium of the same length as its second spine. This species has a small tufted esca with dark swellings at the base and lacks a distinct tail base, which distinguishes it from the similar-looking spotfin frogfish.
The warty frogfish (Antennarius maculatus) is another commonly encountered species, growing up to 8-10 cm in size and having an illicium that is twice as long as its second spine. This species is easily recognizable by its warty skin, triangular patches radiating from its eye, and a thin membrane on its second and third dorsal spines. Its esca is designed to mimic small fish or shrimp and has an "eye spot."
Picture
Picture
The painted frogfish (Antennarius pictus) is a rarer species in the Indo-Pacific, growing up to 15 cm in size and having an illicium that is twice as long as its second spine. It is distinguished by its bushy esca with compressed appendages and can be easily confused with a juvenile giant frogfish. However, the painted frogfish has three spots on its tailfin and can also have a color phase similar to the warty frogfish, but with triangular markings that do not radiate from the eye.
The striated or hairy frogfish (Antennarius striatus) is another species found in the region, reaching up to 20 cm in size and having an illicium of the same length as its second spine. It is distinguished by its distinctive stripe pattern and its esca, which has large, worm-like appendages.
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credit- Christian Gloor
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The sargassum frogfish (Histrio histrio) is a species that is leaves offshore, typically found in sargassum weed drifting in the ocean, and therefore is rarely seen by divers. It grows up to 15 cm in size and has an illicium that is half the length of its second spine, as well as a small esca with folds.
We got extremely lucky to spot this fellow near the surface to get this beautiful triple reflection!
​(only one frogfish here, the bottom one...)

The psychedelic frogfish (Histiophryne psychedelica) is a very distinctive species with a freaky appearance. It has only been found in a few places around Ambon and is thought to live very deep, coming to diveable depths only to breed. It grows up to 5 cm in size and lacks an illicium and esca.
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Credit Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
To date, there are 49 known species of frogfish, with many more waiting to be formally identified. While they may not be common, frogfish can be found in a variety of habitats and are masters of camouflage, making them an exciting find for scuba divers. Keep an eye out for these weird and wonderful creatures on your next diving trip.

​Here are some tips on how to spot, photograph, and appreciate the unique characteristics of these masterful creatures.

Spotting Frogfishes 

​In addition to their unusual appearance and behaviour, frogfishes are also popular among scuba divers due to the challenge to find them making them all the more attractive! If you are considering seeing a frogfish while diving, it is important to choose your guides carefully. Frogfishes come in a variety of colors and sizes. When searching for frogfishes, keep an eye out for unusual shapes and patterns on your dive. Look for lumps, bumps, and protrusions that may not be part of the surrounding environment. Frogfishes are also known to use their lure to attract prey, so keep an eye out for any movement that seems out of place.

Improve your frogfish shots!

Frogfishes make for excellent subjects for underwater photography, as their unique appearance and behavior make for captivating shots.
Here are some tips to keep in mind to ensure you capture the best shots.
  • When taking underwater photographs of frogfish, patience is crucial. Avoid touching, poking or disturbing them as they are likely to carry on with their natural behavior, providing great opportunities for capturing stunning shots.
  • The choice of lens will depend on the size of the frogfish, ranging from 105mm to 10.5mm. However, most mid-range lenses are suitable for capturing these fascinating creatures, and even a compact camera can deliver excellent results.
  • For intricate details of their camouflage pattern, side lighting is recommended. 
    Inward-facing strobe positioning is ideal for creating a black background behind the frogfish, even with only a few inches of open water. Leave enough space in the frame to be prepared for capturing unique behavior shots, such as the frogfish using its lure or yawning.
  • Locking the focus is useful for capturing rapid-fire photos or when photographing black objects, while using a shallow depth of field can create a beautiful bokeh in the background, helping to highlight the frogfish against its surroundings.

In conclusion, frogfishes are a true wonder of the underwater world. By following these tips, you can spot, photograph, and appreciate their beauty and charm. So, the next time you're on a dive trip, keep an eye out for these quirky creatures and be prepared to be mesmerised!
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Discover the magnificent species of sharks that you may encounter in the Andaman Sea.

11/7/2023

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Discover the magnificent species of sharks that you may encounter in the Andaman Sea.
The Andaman Sea in Thailand and Myanmar is a paradise for divers enthusiasts, boasting a diverse ecosystem that is home to an array of captivating marine life. Among the majestic creatures that roam these waters, sharks hold a special place in the hearts of many... 
​

In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of sharks that you can encounter in the Andaman Sea...

9 species of sharks we most often encounter in the Andaman Sea

1. Leopard Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum):
Leopard Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum)
Leopard Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum)
Also known as zebra sharks, these mesmerizing creatures can be found in the shallow waters of the Andaman Sea. With their distinctive patterns of dark spots and stripes, leopard sharks are a sight to behold. Despite their size, reaching up to 3 meters in length, they are docile and pose no threat to humans.
​

Type: The zebra shark is the sole member of the family Stegostomatidae.
It is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, frequenting coral reefs and sandy flats to a depth of 62 meter.


Size: 1–3 meters.

Habitat: what site gives you the best changes to see Leopard sharks?
Divers often encounter them at Phuket Shark point resting on sandy bottoms or gracefully gliding through coral reefs.


Reproduction: Zebra sharks are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs instead of giving live birth. They can breed year-round without a distinct mating season. However, they tend to lay their eggs within a 112-day period, typically laying only 3-4 eggs at a time. The eggs are enclosed in brownish-purple casings known as "mermaid purses." After four to six months, the eggs hatch, and the juvenile zebra sharks can fend for themselves and search for food. 
2. Whitetip Reef Sharks (Triaenodon obesus)
Whitetip Reef Sharks (Triaenodon obesus)
Whitetip Reef Sharks (Triaenodon obesus)
These sleek and slender sharks are commonly spotted in the Andaman Sea, particularly around rocky reefs and coral formations. Named for their prominent white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins, whitetip reef sharks are nocturnal hunters, often seen resting during the day in crevices or under overhangs. Although they can reach lengths of up to 2 meters, they are generally timid and pose little danger to humans.

Type:
Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

What site gives you the best changes to see White tip reef sharks?
Divers often encounter them close to deep drop offs in the Similan islands such as elephant head rock or 3 trees.

Reproduction
: this species is placental viviparous. Fertilization occurs internally, and the embryos receive nourishment initially from the yolk sac. Later, the yolk stalk converts into an umbilical cord, and the yolk sac transforms into a placenta.

This placental connection allows the embryos to receive nourishment and engage in metabolic exchanges with the mother shark during the gestation period, which lasts for at least five months. This aslo means these sharks have a belly button! Litters of white tip reef sharks consist of 1-5 pups. The length of the newborn pups ranges from 52 to 60 cm. There is no parental care provided by the mother shark after giving birth to the pups.

3. Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus):
Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus):
Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
One of the most recognizable shark species in the Andaman Sea, blacktip reef sharks are renowned for their distinctive black-tipped fins and slender bodies. These agile swimmers are commonly found in shallow, nearshore waters, patrolling coral reefs in search of small fish and crustaceans. Divers can witness their graceful movements and occasionally observe them leaping out of the water.

Type: Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

What site gives you the best changes to see Black tip reef sharks?
Divers often encounter them in shallow waters and Bida Nok in Phi Phi national park gives you the best chance to see several of them if you remain motionless and quiet.


Reproduction: Black tip reef sharks are viviparous, meaning they give live birth to fully developed pups. After a gestation period lasting seven to sixteen months, varying by geographic location, two to four pups are born, they measure 30 to 50 cm. The female possesses two separate uteruses, each dedicated to nurturing an individual embryo. 
4. ​Nurse Sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus)
Nurse Sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus)
Nurse Sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus)
Nurse sharks, with their robust bodies and barbels on their lower jaw, are a common sight in the Andaman Sea. These bottom-dwelling sharks prefer sandy or muddy habitats, often resting during the day and becoming more active at night. Despite their size, which can exceed 4 meters, nurse sharks are generally placid and pose no threat to divers unless provoked.

Type:
Carpet shark in the Ginglymostomatidae family


Size
: 27cm at birth to up to 4 meters


What site gives you the best changes to see Nurse sharks?
The best site to see Nurse shark in our area is around the Burma banks and quiet caves in Mergui Archipelago. While they can be spotted in Thailand, it is more of a rare, less predictable occurance.


Reproduction:
an aplacental viviparous species (without a yolk-sac placenta). 20-50 pups per litter. DNA analysis has shown that litters contain young from multiple males.

5. Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier):
Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
The tiger shark is a captivating and powerful predator found in the North Andaman Sea and Burma. With its distinctive striped pattern and formidable presence, it commands attention. Known for its opportunistic feeding habits and adaptability, the tiger shark is a skilled hunter, preying on a variety of marine life. While encounters may be less common than with other shark species, the Andaman Sea's diverse ecosystem provides a suitable habitat for tiger sharks. Keep an eye out during your explorations for a chance to witness these impressive creatures in action.

​Type: Largest of the Carcharinid Sharks

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Tiger sharks? Tigersharks are very rarely spotted in Thailand and Myanmar, we've seen 3 individuals in 12 years of diving the Andaman Sea! Encounters occurred at the Burma Banks, Surin islands and Shark point int he south of the Similan islands.
​

Reproduction: The tiger shark is the only aplacental viviparous carcharinid, lacking a placental connection to the uterus. Embryos develop in protective shells with a yellowish fluid. They have partially everted stomachs, potentially absorbing extra nutrients from the fluid, resulting in larger pups at birth. Do not confuse Tiger shark and sand tiger sharks. Unlike sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus), tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) do not practice intrauterine cannibalism, refraining from consuming their siblings in the womb.
6. Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)
Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)
Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)
The silvertip shark is a sleek and striking predator that patrols the ocean with grace. Named for its distinctive silver-tipped fins, this species possesses a streamlined body built for speed and agility. With its sharp senses and excellent swimming abilities, the silvertip shark is an adept hunter, often preying on schools of fish. It is known for its bold and curious nature, making encounters with this magnificent creature both exhilarating and unforgettable.

Type:  Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Silvertip sharks? While it generally prefers offshore habitats, it can also be encountered in the Andaman Sea, including the waters around Burma.

Reproduction: Silvertip sharks are a viviparous species with a yolk-sac placenta. Each litter typically consists of 1 to 11 pups. The gestation period of silvertip sharks lasts around 12 months. During this time, the embryos develop inside the mother's uterus, receiving nourishment from a yolk-sac placenta.
7. Gray Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium griseum):
Gray Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium griseum)
Gray Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium griseum)
Let's take a closer look at the delightful grey bamboo shark! While information about these Thailand-dwelling sharks is somewhat limited, one thing is clear: they have a knack for hiding. These elusive creatures prefer the seclusion of caves or the shelter of coral, making it challenging to gather extensive details about their habits and behaviors.

The grey bamboo shark, with a maximum length of around 80cm, prefers a diet consisting mainly of shrimp, crabs, worms, and other small fish. These sharks have a more leisurely pace and tend to stick close to the ocean floor or find cozy hideouts. It's worth noting that they often get mistaken for other bamboo shark species or even their distant (much larger) relative, the nurse shark.


Type:
Carpet shark in the Hemiscylliidae family


Size
: Maximum size 80cm. Size at birth less than 13-18cm.


Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see bamboo sharks?
 
Volcano and square rocks at the south of Mergui Archipelago have plenty of hiding spots favoured by bamboo sharks but as they lay quite deep into the cracks, you will need the help of a good guide to find them!

Reproduction:
  bamboo sharks are oviparous. A single egg case develops in each uterus.

Their eggs hatch after 14 to 15 weeks of incubation. One captive female stored sperm for 45 months before fertilization!

8. Coral Catshark (Atelomycterus marmoratus)
Coral Catshark (Atelomycterus marmoratus)
Coral Catshark (Atelomycterus marmoratus)

The coral catshark, is a species that is commonly found in the Andaman Sea, including the waters around Burma.

The coral catshark is known for its distinctive appearance, with a marbled pattern of dark spots and blotches on its body. It is a small shark species, typically reaching a maximum length of about 70 centimeters. These sharks are primarily found in shallow, tropical waters, often inhabiting coral reefs and rocky areas.

Like other catsharks, the coral catshark is nocturnal and spends much of its time resting on the seabed during the day. At night, it becomes more active, hunting for small fishes, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. These sharks have slender bodies and are well adapted to navigating through the crevices and coral structures of their reef habitats.

In the Andaman Sea and Burma, the coral catshark is one of the many species that contribute to the rich biodiversity of the region's marine ecosystems. It serves as an important part of the food chain and plays a role in maintaining the balance of the reef ecosystem.

Type: is a species of catshark in the Scyliorhinidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see coral Catsharks? 

Steps, a dive site near Koh Lipe in our South Andaman itineraries is your surest bet to sea coral catsharks.

Reproduction: Cat sharks are oviparous (meaning, they lay eggs that hatch after 1 to 6 weeks of incubation). Their eggs are layed in pair.
9. Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)
Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)
Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)
80cm - Pakistan 2017
Undoubtedly one of the most majestic creatures in the ocean, the gentle giant known as the whale shark occasionally graces the waters of the Andaman Sea. Despite their enormous size, reaching lengths of up to 18 meters, these filter-feeding sharks pose no harm to humans. Snorkelers and divers are blessed with unforgettable encounters as they swim alongside these magnificent creatures, observing their peaceful nature.

Type: Filter feeding sharks in the rhincodontidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Whale sharks?
While Whalesharks can be spotted anywhere in Thai waters, the Andaman Sea offers several prime locations for shark encounters, such as the Richelieu Rock in the North or Hin Deang, Hin Muang and 8 Mile Rock in the South of Thailand. Renowned for their abundance of marine life including whale sharks, the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar is also a great spot where divers can witness a diverse range of shark species including whale sharks.

Reproduction: Limited information is available regarding the reproductive process of whale sharks. Male whale sharks are considered sexually mature when they reach a length of 8-9 m and can be identified by the presence of claspers near the pelvic fin. However, the size at which females reach maturity is unknown, as well as the existence and location of specific breeding grounds.
Whale sharks are believed to be ovoviviparous (aplacental viviparity), meaning that eggs develop inside the female's body and hatch internally. The embryos lack a placental connection with the mother and are initially nourished by the yolk sac, followed by uterine milk secreted by villi in the internal uterine wall. Once the embryos reach full term, they are live born.
​

A female whale shark harpooned off the coast of Taiwan contained approximately 300 embryos in her two uteri, ranging in size from 42 to 63 cm. It is suggested that newborn pups typically measure between 55 to 64 cm in length. Similar to other shark species, parental care is not observed in whale sharks.
​Learn more about the
mystery of baby whale sharks here.

Ways sharks reproduce

Final Thought

It's important to note that responsible diving practices, such as maintaining a respectful distance and refraining from touching or feeding the sharks, are crucial to protect both the sharks and the delicate marine ecosystem they inhabit.

Diving in the Andaman Sea presents a thrilling opportunity to witness the beauty and grandeur of these fascinating sharks. As ambassadors of the ocean, it is our duty to cherish and respect these magnificent creatures, ensuring their preservation for generations to come.

Attention passionate divers! If you're eager to dive deeper into the world of gentle giants, then the Whale Sharks Special Expedition is an absolute must for you!

​Join us on an unforgettable journey through the North and South Andaman Sea, where you'll have the incredible opportunity to learn about these magnificent creatures firsthand. Our expert marine biologist, Kirsty Magson from the esteemed Thailand Whale Shark Project, will provide captivating daily presentations on the mesmerizing world of Whale Sharks. Prepare to be enlightened, inspired, and amazed by this unique expedition!
Whale Sharks expedition 19-03-2024
So, gear up, dive in, and embark on an unforgettable adventure with the sharks of the Andaman Sea onboard The MV Smiling Seahorse !
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Discover the Enigmatic Sea Snakes: Fascinating Creatures of the Ocean

2/7/2023

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Discover the Enigmatic Sea Snakes: Fascinating Creatures of the Ocean
The vast oceans are home to a multitude of captivating and unique creatures, and among them are the enigmatic sea snakes. These serpentine reptiles have adapted to life in marine environments and are renowned for their remarkable features. In this blog post, we will delve into the intriguing world of sea snakes and explore their fascinating characteristics.
 
Sea snakes belong to two subfamilies, Hydrophiinae (true sea snakes) and Laticaudinae (sea krait, who are semiaquatic).
 
In Thailand and Myanmar we have the chance to encounter regularly representatives of these two families: 
The yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) is a true marine snake (hydrophiinae family) who leaves a pelagic life and never goes on land! We have only encountered this snake durong our blackwater dive, offshore, never on the reef.
Yellow-bellied sea snake
Yellow-bellied sea snake
The banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina), on the other hand, belong to the Laticaudinae family. They are semi-aquatic with feature adapted to a life between land and the ocean. These are the sea snakes we most often see while diving on the reef.
the banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina)
The banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina)

Diversity and Distribution

Sea kraits on the reef
Sea krait on the coral reef
True sea snakes comprise as many as 53 species whilst the partially terrestrial Laticauda or sea kraits comprise five species only.
 
Both can be found in the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, particularly in regions such as the Coral Triangle, the Andaman Sea, and the Great Barrier Reef.
 
Curiously, they are not found in the Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, or Caribbean Sea. Their distribution ranges from coastal shallows to deeper offshore waters, and they exhibit various ecological adaptations to their preferred habitats.
​
Both true sea snakes and sea kraits inhabit the sea, but sea kraits can also be observed on land while true sea kraits are true pelagic.
 
Both sea snakes and Sea kraits feature a flattened tail that help them swim, but Sea kraits' bodies are cylindrical enabling them to crawl on land, while sea snakes are ribbon like bodies making them even stronger swimmers.
 
On average, adult sea snakes (including sea kraits) measure between 1 and 1.5 meter in length.

Can Sea Snakes breath underwater

Snakes, much like turtles are reptiles not  fish, they must periodically swim to the water's surface to replenish their oxygen supply
Snakes, much like turtles are reptiles not  fish, they must periodically swim to the water's surface to replenish their oxygen supply before descending back to the depths of the reef.
 
While many sea snakes (including sea kraits) need to resurface every half an hour to breathe, certain species of sea snakes (including the yellow-bellied sea snake) possess an extraordinary ability to remain submerged for up to eight hours.
 
This superpower is made possible by their unique capability to absorb approximately 33% of their required oxygen and eliminate around 90% of carbon dioxide through their skin. The nostrils of a true sea snake (positioned on top of their snout) have the ability to close when the animal is underwater.

Can sea snakes die of thirst

Yes! while surrounded by (sea) water, Sea snakes can die of thirst.
While they live in the oceans, sea snakes cannot extract fresh water from the saline sea. Kraits may drink water from land or the sea surface, but True sea snakes (while they have teh ability to expel part of the salt they ingest) must wait for rain to drink the relatively fresh water floating on the sea's surface.

Are sea snakes venomous or poisonous?
​

Banded sea krait portrait
Banded sea krait portrait
Sea snakes are extremely venomous creatures (their bite will create quite a lot of damage), however, they are not considered aggressive towards humans and will only bite if they feel threatened or provoked.
 
It's important to maintain a respectful distance and avoid handling or disturbing these fascinating creatures if encountered in their natural habitat. The same apply to all underwater creatures: Do not touch!
The same caution should be exercised with snakes found washed up on beaches. Snakes may feign death as a defense mechanism, and even a deceased or decapitated snake can still reflexively bite.
 
Survival tip: In the event of being stranded at sea, it is possible to consume sea snakes for sustenance. They are not poisonous (ie: can be eaten) but to survive, you better avoid getting bitten!

Diet and predation for sea snake

Banded sea krait VS pelagic sea snakes
Banded sea krait on the reef
True sea snakes are skilled predators that primarily consume small fish, fish eggs, and young octopuses. These sea snakes can be active either during the day or at night, displaying versatility in their feeding habits. On the other hand, sea kraits are nocturnal feeders that primarily target eels as their preferred prey. They supplement their diet with crabs, squid, and fish they find while exploring the reef and crevices.
 
While there have been no observations of sea kraits feeding on land, we know that they do return to land to facilitate the digestion of their prey.
In their natural habitat, sea snakes face predation from eels, sharks, rays and other large fish.

Reproduction and Life Cycle of sea snakes and sea kraits:

Reptiles (including sea snakes) reproduce by laying eggs, but there are two distinct methods of hatching: viviparity and oviparous.
 
Oviparity is the most common method of reptile reproduction, and it is observed in species like sea kraits (and turtles).  Oviparous reptiles lay eggs externally, usually in a safe location where the eggs can develop. The mother does not provide direct nourishment to the developing embryos; instead, the eggs contain a yolk sac that provides the necessary nutrients for their growth.
 
The banded Sea krait (much like turtles) usually returns to the same beach it was born on to lay its own clutches of up to 10 eggs.
These eggs are then left to fend for themselves and rely on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, for proper incubation. Once the embryos have fully developed within the eggs, they hatch, and the young reptiles emerge.
Viviparity is a reproductive strategy seen in other reptiles, such as yellow-bellied sea snakes. In viviparous species, the embryo develops inside the mother's body and receives nourishment directly from her through a specialized structure, such as a placenta or yolk sac. The mother provides a nurturing environment for the embryos, supplying them with nutrients and protecting them until they are ready to be born as fully developed offspring. This method allows for internal development and live birth, similar to some mammalian species. This adaptation allows the newborn snakes to feed on its very first day and give them a higher chance of survival in the open ocean.
Yellow-bellied sea snake on the blackwater dives
Yellow-bellied sea snake on the blackwater dives
In summary, while reptiles, including sea snakes, generally lay eggs, they employ different methods of hatching. Viviparous species, like yellow-bellied sea snakes, give birth to live young after internal development and maternal nourishment. Oviparous species, such as sea kraits, lay eggs externally, and the embryos develop inside the eggs with nutrients from the yolk sac until they hatch independently.

Conservation and Threat

Like many marine species, sea snakes and kraits face various threats due to human activities and habitat degradation. Pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction pose significant challenges to their survival. Some species are also at risk from accidental bycatch in fishing nets. It is crucial to raise awareness and take steps to protect these remarkable creatures and their delicate ecosystems.

Sea Snakes superpowers

Sea snakes possess some truly fascinating superpowers! Just like their land-dwelling relatives, they use their tongues to gather vital information about their surroundings. But here's the cool part: sea snake tongues are actually shorter than those of regular snakes. Why, you ask?
sea snakes in the andaman sea
Sea snake in thailand
Sea snake swimming in the blue
Well, it turns out that it's much easier for them to "taste" molecules in the water than in the air. Talk about a handy adaptation!
 
But wait, there's more! Sea snakes have a nifty trick up their scaly sleeves when it comes to dealing with salt. Since they ingest salt along with their prey, these clever creatures have special sublingual glands located beneath their tongues. These glands work like magic, allowing the sea snake to remove excess salt from its blood and expel it with a flick of the tongue. It's like having a built-in salt filter – pretty impressive, right?
 
Now, when it comes to sea snake vision, scientists are still unraveling the mysteries. While it seems that their vision plays a limited role in hunting and finding mates, sea snakes have other extraordinary sensory abilities. They possess special mechanoreceptors that help them sense vibrations and movement, giving them a heightened awareness of their aquatic surroundings. Some sea snakes even respond to pheromones to identify potential mates.

​But hold on tight, because the superpowers of sea snakes don't stop there. These incredible creatures may have the ability to detect electromagnetic fields and pressure, although the exact cells responsible for these senses are still a mystery to scientists.

​Imagine having a sixth sense that lets you perceive things beyond what meets the eye! Sea snakes truly embody the wonders of the underwater world, showcasing a range of remarkable abilities that make them stand out in the snake kingdom.
sea krait on the reef
Brace yourselves for an extraordinary journey into the depths of the ocean aboard The MV Smiling Seahorse. Get ready to embark on an awe-inspiring underwater adventure where you'll have the chance to encounter an array of remarkable marine life, including these superstars of the sea: sea snakes!
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Trip report from North - South Andaman 25 April - 2 May 2023

30/6/2023

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Trip report from North - South Andaman 25 April - 2 May 2023
Guests: America, China, Switzerland, Taiwan, Andorra, Spain, Norway, New Zealand, Canada, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Germany.
Our North and South Andaman cruise embarked on a week-long journey filled with exploration, adventure, and a delightful mix of guests from around the globe. From April 25th to May 2nd, 2023, we set sail from Tap Lamu pier, eager to uncover the captivating underwater wonders that awaited us.
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Surrounded by an international camaraderie, we began our expedition with a remarkable start. The first day brought us to the renowned Surin National Park, where the marine world welcomed us with open arms. Delving into the turquoise waters, we were greeted by the mesmerizing sight of Kulh's stingrays gliding gracefully across the sandy seabed. The garden eels and vibrant fish added to the vibrant tapestry of marine life. With exceptional visibility, the underwater realm unfolded before our eyes, revealing its true magnificence.
Whirlwind of Fish on the Reef
Whirlwind of Fish on the Reef
Diver with a giant seafan
Diver with a giant seafan
Next on our itinerary was the legendary Richelieu Rock, a destination that left us in awe. This submerged pinnacle proved to be a cornucopia of marine diversity. As we descended into its depths, we were surrounded by an abundance of life. Schools of fish in all shapes, sizes, and colors, ghost pipefishes hiding among the soft and hard corals, and the regal presence of Harlequin Shrimps captivated our senses. Everywhere we turned, glass fishes twinkled in the sunlight, creating an ethereal spectacle that will forever be etched in our memories.
Then beautiful and eccentric ribbon eel
Then beautiful and eccentric ribbon eel
School of Yellow Snapper
School of Yellow Snapper
 ornate ghost pipefish
Ornate ghost pipefish
To our esteemed guests, we hope you thoroughly enjoyed the trip and experienced unforgettable moments. Your presence and enthusiasm added an extra layer of joy to our adventure. We extend our sincere gratitude to each of you for choosing The Smiling Seahorse as your gateway to the wonders of the Andaman Sea.
Goby on moon coral
Goby on moon coral
The beautiful and cruel Harlequin shrimp
The beautiful and cruel Harlequin shrimp
Continuing our journey south through the archipelago, we arrived at the Similan National Park. The second day was spent exploring the vibrant dive sites of Koh Tachai and Koh Bon followed by the wonders of Three Trees, Elephant Head Rock, and West of Eden, treating us to four exhilarating dives, including an enchanting night dive.

​Our encounters with turtles, lobsters, barracudas, trevallies, fusiliers, and the delicate beauty of Spanish dancer eggs added to the tapestry of marine life we witnessed.
The blackwater dive that night added an extra touch of intrigue, revealing the mysterious creatures that inhabit the depths of the sea.
Cute baby fish in blackwater dive
Cute baby fish in blackwater dive
Baby squid in blackwater dive
Baby squid in blackwater dive
The following days we crossed over to the South Andaman Sea starting with Hin Daeng and Hin Muang. These dive sites in the Koh Lanta National Park offered a different perspective, emphasizing macro marvels and showcasing a plethora of nudibranchs and crustaceans as well as a cool albeit grumpy Stone fish. The rich biodiversity hidden within the coral reefs was a testament to the delicate balance of nature.
Thecacera pacifica AKA PikachuPicture
Thecacera pacifica AKA Pikachu
Picture
As we ventured further, the stunning coral reefs of Tarutao National Park near the pretty Koh Lipe island captivated our senses. The impressive underwater landscapes dazzled us, offering glimpses into a thriving marine ecosystem.
​
Our journey culminated in the enchanting Phi Phi Islands and Shark Point. Here, we encountered the graceful blacktip reef sharks, alongside a multitude of beautiful nudibranchs and flatworms. The marine life surrounding us was a testament to the splendor and diversity that the Andaman Sea has to offer.
Doriprismatica atromarginata
Doriprismatica atromarginata
Cleaner Shrimp close Urocaridella antonbruunii
Cleaner Shrimp close Urocaridella antonbruunii
We split ways in Phuket with hearts full of gratitude, reminiscing about the extraordinary marine encounters and the shared moments of awe and wonder. To our esteemed guests, we express our deepest appreciation for joining us on this extraordinary adventure. The memories we have created together will forever be treasured.

We hope you all enjoyed the trip and had an amazing time with us.
Thank you for choosing The Smilling Seahorse! 
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Trip report; North Andaman 19-23 April 2023

19/6/2023

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The Smiling Seahorse trip report North Andaman Sea
This week we welcomed a very eclectic group of divers from Canada, Hong Kong, Thailand, America, Taiwan, France and Australia.

This North Andaman cruise stared in Tap Lamu pier for an unforgettable adventure. With anticipation and excitement, we embarked on an overnight journey to the stunning Surin National Park, eager to explore its bountiful underwater wonders.
​
As we arrived at the Surin National Park, the anticipation reached its peak. As soon as the buddy check was done, we plunged into the azure waters, ready to discover the hidden treasures beneath the surface. Our first dive proved to be as enchanting as we had imagined. The sandy bottom revealed graceful stingrays gliding effortlessly, while an abundance of colourful fish painted the scene with vibrant hues.
This week we welcomed a very eclectic group of divers from Canada, Hong Kong, Thailand, America, Taiwan, France and Australia.
Navigating through the Surin Islands, we were greeted by a mesmerizing display of marine life. Richelieu Rock, known for its thriving ecosystem, beckoned us with its allure. Submerged in its depths, we were greeted by a spectacle beyond compare. Schools of fish danced around us, their synchronized movements a testament to the marvels of nature. Witnessing their hunting behavior was a breathtaking experience, as they darted and weaved with precision and grace.
Amidst this underwater symphony, our cameras captured the beauty of Harlequin shrimps. Their intricate patterns and vivid colors were a true delight to behold. These small but fascinating creatures offered us an opportunity to freeze these magical moments in time, capturing their essence through photography.
harlequin shrimps richelieu rock
group of divers on a liveaboard
After the Surin, we headed south towards the Similan National park, which granted us access to the captivating world beneath the waves but also provided an immersive encounter with its rich marine biodiversity and delivered an adventure filled with awe and appreciation for the Earth's delicate ecosystems.

Additionally, we are thrilled to extend our heartfelt congratulations to Laurent and Budd, who took part in our advanced open water courses. Their dedication and hard work were evident throughout the journey as they delved deeper into the realm of scuba diving. Their enthusiasm to learn more about the sport and their commitment to gaining advanced certifications is a great achievement in their scuba diver life!
We applaud their achievements and encourage them to continue their journey of exploration and discovery in the fascinating world of underwater exploration.

As we bid farewell to the North Andaman cruise, we carry with us cherished memories. This journey was an affirmation of the beauty that lies beneath the surface, reminding us of the need to protect and preserve these marine habitats for generations to come.
​
Thank you all guests for choosing The Smilling Seahorse. Hope you all had a wonderful and enjoyed the trip. 
North Andaman cruise April 2023
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