Category: Marine Life Fish ID

Guitar fish: guitar rays or guitar sharks?

15/9/2024

What are Guitarfish? "A Ray That Looks Like a Shark"

Guitarfish, are fascinating creatures that blur the line between sharks and rays. Their distinctive guitar-shaped body has earned them this unique name.
All guitarfish use to be part of the Rhinobastidae family : "Rhine" derives from the Greek word for shark, and "batis" is Latin for ray, reflecting their hybrid appearance. Despite being rays, their dorsal fins and shark-like tails often lead to confusion, with many calling them "guitar sharks."
While the Shovelnose ray pictured above (Rhinobatos ranongensis) are still part of the Rhinobastidae, Marine biologists have now separated most wedgefish into the Rhinidae Family such as the bowmouth guitarfish below (Rhina ancylostoma) or the giant guitarfish, also known as the whitespotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus Australiae).

Bowmouth guitar fish - Burma banks 2024

"Rare Encounter: Bowmouth Guitarfish at the Burma Banks

Anatomy and Adaptations
Guitarfish's unique anatomy combines features of both rays and sharks but despite their shark-like appearance, guitarfish are members of the ray family.

Like other rays, guitarfish have their mouths positioned on the underside of their bodies, making it easy to feed on bottom-dwelling organisms but difficult to breathe through their mouth! Instead, they use spiracles—small openings on their heads--to breathe without sucking in sand or debris while resting on the seabed.
Guitarfish do not need to keep on swimming, they can pump water through their gills in order to obtain the oxygen that they need.

Like sharks and unlike other rays, which rely on their pectoral fins for propulsion, guitarfish swim using their shark-like tails, giving them a distinctive movement pattern in the water.

Bowmouth guitarfish, a remarkable species within this group, boast rows of thorn-like spikes along their back, providing an armor-like defense against predators. These spikes, along with their robust bodies, make them uniquely adapted to life in the tropical shallows.

The lower jaw of the bowmouth guitarfish (Rhina ancylostoma) features teeth with rounded, ridged surfaces, perfectly adapted for crushing the shells of their prey. Photograph: King’s College London.

Diet: What do guitar shark eat?

Guitarfish are bottom feeders, primarily consuming crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish that inhabit sandy or muddy seabeds. Their flat teeth are designed to crush the hard shells of their prey, allowing them to feed on a variety of sea creatures that many other predators cannot.

One fascinating adaptation of bowmouth guitarfish is their rows of shark-like spines along their backs. These spines serve as a natural defense mechanism, deterring predators such as larger sharks. Unfortunately they are also sold in Asia as luxury jewellery ornament.

Reproduction of the guitar rays

Like many rays, guitarfish are ovoviviparous. This means their embryos develop within eggs that remain inside the mother's body. Once the eggs hatch internally, the female gives birth to live pups, typically ranging from 2 to 11 at a time. These young are fully developed and ready to swim and feed independently from birth.

Are guitar sharks dangerous?

Despite their imposing size—some species, like the giant guitarfish on the right, can grow up to 3 meters (9.8 feet)—guitarfish are entirely harmless to humans.

They are gentle creatures whose primary predators include larger sharks, such as Tiger sharks, and humans due to overfishing.

Unfortunately, many species of guitarfish are now classified as vulnerable or endangered.

Giant guitarfish, also known as the whitespotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus Australiae) - photo by Yon Soponwit

Conservation Status: A Species Under Threat

Guitarfish face numerous threats, including overfishing for their meat and fins, habitat destruction from coastal development, and bycatch in commercial fisheries. Many species are now classified as vulnerable or endangered.

For instance, the bowmouth guitarfish is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.

Beside the bycatch that makes up its share of damage, Guitarfish are hunted down for their large fins by finning vessels as well as for their distinctive thorns. Those sharp, shark teeth looking spines along their backs—have become sought-after items embedded into jewelry. Some believed they provide the wearer with protective powers. This usage also contributes to the species' decline, as these critically endangered creatures face increased exploitation for both their fins and these unique adornments.

Conservation efforts include establishing marine protected areas, enforcing sustainable fishing practices, and raising public awareness about their ecological importance.

guitarfish jewellery trade a threat to the species

Bowmouth guitarfish thorns are use in Thai traditional jewellery - Photo by: Shin Sirachai Arunrugstichai

guitarfish are being hunted down for their fins and thorns

They are also fished for their valuable fins and by mistake in large nets. Photo by : Shin Sirachai Arunrugstichai

Fun Facts About Guitarfish

Bowmouth guitar fish coming curiously to check us out at the Burma banks

Where can you see Guitarfish

Targeted by Shark Finning: The large fins of bowmouth guitarfish make them highly vulnerable to the shark finning industry, which is a significant contributor to their critically endangered status.
From By-Catch to Delicacy: Once discarded as a worthless by-catch species, shovelnose guitarfish are now prized for their meat, which is considered a delicacy in many regions.
Mud Skates: Giant guitarfish are sometimes called "mud skates" due to their preference for residing in muddy or sandy habitats. These areas provide both camouflage and an abundance of prey.
Monogamous Mating Habits: Shovelnose guitarfish typically form monogamous pairs during breeding season. Reproducing annually, they can give birth to as many as 30 live pups.
Hunting with Sensors: Shovelnose guitarfish rely on specialized sensors, not their eyesight, to detect changes in water pressure. This allows them to effectively hunt in low-visibility conditions.
A Rare Encounter: With their dwindling numbers, spotting a bowmouth guitarfish is a privilege few divers experience. If you're lucky enough to come across one, make sure to be camera ready!

Guitarfish inhabit the warm, shallow waters of tropical and subtropical seas. They prefer sandy or muddy seabeds where they can feed and burrow.
The bowmouth guitarfish, has first been spotted in Western Rock, in the South of Mergui Archipelago and then the Burma banks.
On one memorable dive at the Burma Banks, a bowmouth guitarfish swam close to inspect our group, we were possibly the first divers it had ever encountered!
A group of Giant guitarsharks has settled down for a while around Koh Bon pinnacle and Surin islands.

shovel nose guitar fish, Burmese guitar ray, guitar shark on the sand

Shovel nose guitar fish - Black Rock

These shovelnose rays (Rhinobatos ranongensis) were spotted by hundreds on the deeper parts of Black Rock, north of Mergui Archipelago, it was a carpet of them in the depths around the dive site.

They like colder water and often show up when water temperature drop.

These rays camouflage themselves so well by burrowing into the sandy seabed, it took us a while to spot one and then we saw so many!!!

This region of the Andaman Sea is home to a wide variety of ray species, including several species of guitarfish.

Click this link if you want to know more about Marine life we see in Burma.
Or below for more details about our diving expeditions...

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The Colorful World of the Peacock Mantis Shrimp

25/10/2023

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If you've never heard of the peacock mantis shrimp, you're in for a real treat! These striking and enigmatic creatures are like the rock stars of the ocean, and they go by the scientific name Odontodactylus scyllarus. Let's dive into their vibrant world and uncover the answers to some of the most burning questions about these incredible marine marvel...
Before we get into the fun facts, let's give credit where it's due: the Latin name. Odontodactylus scyllarus may sound like a mouthful, but when you break it down, it makes sense. "Odontodactylus" translates to "toothed finger," and "scyllarus" is a reference to the Scylla, a sea monster from Greek mythology. So, in a way, the scientific name hints at the mantis shrimp's formidable appendages and its mythical aura.

In the world of marine biology, peacock mantis shrimp are the embodiment of beauty, strength, and mystery. Their striking appearance, lightning-fast strikes, and superhuman vision make them a true wonder of the ocean. The more you learn about them, the more you'll realize that there's never a dull moment in the colorful world of the peacock mantis shrimp.
So, the next time you think of oceanic wonders, don't forget to give these marine rock stars the attention they truly deserve! Whether you're a marine enthusiast or simply curious about the wonders of the seas, the peacock mantis shrimp never fails to captivate and astonish with its kaleidoscope of colours and extraordinary abilities.

4 incredible fun facts about the peacock mantis shrimps!

** Mantis Shrimp Fun Fact #1: The Peacock of the Sea**

The peacock mantis shrimp earns its dazzling nickname due to its vibrant and iridescent coloration. These marine gems come in a range of spectacular shades, including vibrant greens, blues, and fiery reds. Their bodies are adorned with intricate patterns, making them a true art piece.

** Mantis Shrimp Fun Fact #2: Super Smashers of the Ocean**

Peacock mantis shrimp are not just pretty. They are ferocious predators with a pair of specialised front limbs that can strike with the speed of a bullet! Their clubs can deliver blows with the force of a .22 caliber bullet, and they use this power to break open the shells of prey like crabs and snails they love. The mantis shrimp's hunting prowess is so legendary that it's even been known to break aquarium glass. It's not a pet you'd want to mess with!

Curious mantis shrimp in Koh Lanta National Park

Peakock mantis shrimp and amazing coral reef

** Mantis Shrimp Fun Fact #3: Color Vision Extraordinaire**

Mantis shrimp vision is the stuff of science fiction. While we humans have three color receptors, these oceanic superheroes have sixteen! They can see polarized light, ultraviolet, and colors that are beyond our comprehension. This super-vision helps them spot prey, predators, and mates with astonishing clarity.

** Mantis Shrimp Fun Fact #4: Mantis Shrimps are Neither Mantis, nor Shrimp

While the name "mantis shrimp" might suggest a curious fusion of a praying mantis and a shrimp, they're neither related to mantises nor actual shrimp. These captivating creatures belong to the stomatopod family, a group of marine crustaceans that have evolved into a unique and independent branch of the evolutionary tree. So, the next time you're pondering their peculiar moniker, just remember that mantis shrimps are in a league of their own, defying conventional categories in the animal kingdom.

An interesting life cycle

Mantis shrimp have a fascinating life cycle. Fertilized eggs are attached to specialized swimmerets on the female's abdomen using a sticky secretion. The female protects and fans the eggs, ensuring oxygen circulation and preventing the growth of harmful fungi or bacteria during the incubation period, which lasts several weeks.
Once ready to hatch, the female releases the eggs into the water, where they become tiny larvae known as nauplii. These larvae go through multiple developmental stages, feeding on plankton and small organisms until they reach maturity, just like other crustaceans. We can see them very regularily on our blackwater dives. After reaching maturity, they settle on the reef.

Very small larval mantis shrimp on blackwater dive

This alien face is a larval mantis shrimp

This little alien will become a beautiful mantis shrimp

Smasher vs Spearer Mantis Shrimp

The raptorial appendages of the mantis shrimp have different shapes depending on the species. Some have claw-like appendages known as "spearers," while others have appendages that resemble hammers, giving rise to the name "smashers."
The peacock mantis shrimps are "smashers" and are particularly fascinating because they can strike with a force greater than most other animals, despite their relatively small size. It is believed that this incredible punching ability is a result of the mantis shrimp's unique muscle structure, which combines spring-like mechanisms with a locking mechanism to store and release energy rapidly.
Below are a few photos of Spearing Mantis Shrimp (Lysiosquilla maculata). They are much lighter in colour and live in a vertical burrow in the sand, while peacock mantis shrimp prefers rocky areas on the reef.

Mantis shrimp camouflaged on the coral reel

Mantis shrimp well camouflaged in the sand

Now, let's answer some of the most common questions people ask about peacock mantis shrimp:

**1. Can peacock mantis shrimp see more colors than humans?**

Humans have three color receptors (red, green, and blue cones), allowing us to perceive a wide range of colours.
Peacock mantis shrimp have an astonishing sixteen (or more) colour receptors, enabling them to see colours beyond human comprehension, including ultraviolet light and polarized light.
In the underwater realm, the peacock mantis shrimp's eyes are a true anomaly. Their ability to see a rainbow of colors and polarized light sets them apart as one of the ocean's most visually gifted inhabitants. In comparaison, horses or dogs, are called dichromatic, meaning they have two primary color receptors or cones in their eyes. Less than humans and much much less than Mantis Shrimps!

Another great Frank's shot of a peakock mantis shrimp

Supersonic Vision!

Bullet fast punch!

**2. How fast is the peacock mantis shrimp's punch?**

The peacock mantis shrimp has one of the most powerful and fastest punches in the animal kingdom. It possesses specialized appendages called "raptorial appendages" that it uses to strike its prey. These appendages, also known as "smashers," are highly dexterous and possess incredible strength.
When a peacock mantis shrimp strikes, it accelerates its "hammer like appendage" at an astonishing speed of 23 meters per second. This unbelievable speed generates an impressive amount of force, with some estimates suggesting that it can exert up to 1,500 Newtons, which is equivalent to a bullet being fired from a .22 caliber rifle!

**3. Are peacock mantis shrimp dangerous to humans?**

While their punch can shatter shells and glass, mantis shrimps aren't a threat to humans. However, it's wise not to bring your fingers too close to their powerful hammers!!!

**4. How do peacock mantis shrimp communicate with each other?**

These mantis shrimp often use a combination of visual signals and body language for communication. They display various color patterns and postures to convey information about their intentions, such as territorial disputes or courtship rituals.

**5. What are some interesting behaviors of peacock mantis shrimp?**

Peacock mantis shrimp are known for their meticulous burrowing behavior. They construct intricate burrows with multiple chambers, which serve as both protection and a place to ambush unsuspecting prey. They are also quite territorial and will fiercely defend their burrows.

**6. Can peacock mantis shrimp regenerate their limbs?**

Yes, peacock mantis shrimp have a remarkable ability to regenerate their limbs if they get injured or lose one during battles or accidents. Their powerful resilience is another testament to their extraordinary adaptations.

**7. Where can you find peacock mantis shrimp in the wild?**

Peacock mantis shrimp inhabit the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, particularly in the tropical coral reefs. You can often spot them in rocky crevices and burrows along the seafloor. While amazing and incredible creatures, Mantis shrimps are not rare in our dives and and our guides see them on every single one of our Andaman Sea adventures.

Wanna know more about the Marine Life of the Andaman Sea? Check out this page for reference!

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Triggerfish you can encounter while diving in the Andaman Sea

7/9/2023

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Trigger fish you can encounter while diving in the Andaman Sea

There are many species of trigger fish who belongs to the Balistidae family. They live in shallow water near coral reef except for the oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata) who's spend his life in the blue.

Oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata)

Titan Triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens)

The most know, specially for his aggressive behavior against divers, is the Titan Triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens). They are in fact protecting their eggs.

Female will lay their eggs few days before new and full moon after male and female will perform some prespawnings behavior like blowing and touching, to create their nest on sandy or rocky area. They will blow water to create a hole in the floor where the female will lays his eggs. The male will protect and defend the territory from any species swimming too close, and also from the other male triggerfish. Generally, a male will fecund the eggs of few females within his territory.

The impressive tooth of the titan triggerfish

Titan triggerfish are known to attack diver who are swimming to close to their nest

Beautiful titan triggerfish observing us

They are known to attack diver who are swimming too close to their nest, and a common diver mistake would be to escape them by shallowing up. Their territory is in a cone shape from the nest getting bigger while going up. So the good reaction would be to swim away horizontal to get out of their zone quickly, keeping our fins in the direction of the fish to avoid any harm.

Another good way to avoid any attack would be to observe their change of behavior.

They would rise their dorsal fin first, then lean on one side as a last warning, then finally if we are getting even closer to them, they will swim towards us trying to bite whatever they can catch.
This generally happen only when they are keeping an eye on their eggs...

Clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum)

The beautiful "body painting" of the clown triggerfish

Another trigger fish we love is the clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum) with its white dots on the lower part of the body and its yellow blotch on the back and the face.
They are less common than the titan, the redtooth or the yellow margin, but still can be found in the archipelago.

Redtooth triggerfish

The redtooth triggerfish (Odonus niger) live specially on our pinnacle and like when there is current.
They will go and hide in cracks and little cavities to rest. They form school and eat mainly plankton.

Yellowmargin triggerfish (Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus)

The yellowmargin triggerfish (Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus) is also very common in the archipelago. It lives in coral reefs and can grow up to 60 cm.

A titan triggerfish on the blue...

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How to Spot, Snap, and Get Mesmerized by the Master of Camouflage: The Frogfish!

7/8/2023

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Frogfishes are a group of marine fish that are known for their unusual and often comical appearance. Members of the anglerfish family Antennariidae⁠, these fish are found in tropical and subtropical waters all over the world, and they are popular among scuba divers due to their unique appearance and behaviour.

One of the most notable features of frogfishes is their body shape, which is typically plump and round. They have large, bulbous heads, small eyes, and shortened, blunt snouts. Their bodies are covered in small spines and protuberances, which give them a rough, spiky appearance blending perfectly with the reef they call home!
Frogfishes are also known for their ability to change colour. Unlike the cameleon, it takes several weeks for them to change colour but when they do, they blend in perfectly with their surroundings. This helps them to remain hidden both from predators and to sneak up on their prey. In addition to changing colour, frogfishes also have the ability to expand and contract their bodies, which allows them to move quickly through the water and they are one of the only fishes that can walk!

Reef clown or reef hunter?

Despite their somewhat comical appearance, frogfishes are actually quite skilled predators. They have a unique method of hunting that involves luring their prey close with a specialized appendage called an esca, which is located on the end of their snout. When a prey animal approaches the esca, the frogfish will quickly snatch it up with its powerful jaws.

Sex on the reef when you're a frogfish

Frogfishes are also known for their unique mating habits.

When female frogfish are ready to mate, they start producing eggs, causing their bellies to swell and become more buoyant. This attracts male frogfish, who will then nudge the female until they are both floating on the surface. At this point, the female will release her eggs, forming a gelatinous raft that the male will fertilize. Some species leave these rafts to float in the open ocean, while others attach them to their bodies or the ocean floor and guard them until they hatch.

Females can produce between 40,000 and 180,000 eggs per season, and the resulting fry emerge from the eggs after 2-5 days looking like tiny jellyfish with long fin filaments. After a few months, they begin to take on the same coloration as poisonous sea slugs, which helps them avoid being eaten by larger fish and other predators. Eventually, the fry will settle onto a reef and stay there until it is time to mate again.

3 fun facts about frogfishes that you should know about!

1/ Did you know that frogfish get their name from the fact that they resemble frogs? They have unique pectoral fins with an "elbow-like" bend at the front and smaller pelvic fins that resemble legs. This is a characteristic common to all frogfish species.
2/ Another interesting fact about frogfish is that they have the fastest known bite in the animal kingdom, with a predatory strike speed of 1/6000th of a second. This makes their bite the fastest self-powered predatory strike in the animal kingdom, with mantis shrimp and seahorses coming in close behind...
3/ Inflation - Frogfish can inflate their body to startle predators. Frogfish do not have teeth and it swallows its prey in one piece. It can swallow the prey that is 2 times bigger than the fish itself thanks to ability to expand the mouth 12 times its normal size.

Frogfish Identification

Identifying frogfish can be a challenging task due to their wide range of colors and patterns, as well as their ability to change their appearance to blend in with their surroundings. To determine the species of a frogfish, several characteristics can be used, including size, spot patterns, rod length, and lure type.

One common species of frogfish found in the Indo-Pacific region is the giant frogfish (Antennarius commerson). This species can reach up to 30 cm in size and is distinguished by its long rod (called an illicium) and small, bushy esca (lure) with fine, long filaments. The giant frogfish also has thick, bulb-like second and third dorsal spines.

Another species found in the region is the freckled frogfish (Antennarius coccineus), which grows up to 10 cm in size and has an illicium of the same length as its second spine. This species has a small tufted esca with dark swellings at the base and lacks a distinct tail base, which distinguishes it from the similar-looking spotfin frogfish.

The warty frogfish (Antennarius maculatus) is another commonly encountered species, growing up to 8-10 cm in size and having an illicium that is twice as long as its second spine. This species is easily recognizable by its warty skin, triangular patches radiating from its eye, and a thin membrane on its second and third dorsal spines. Its esca is designed to mimic small fish or shrimp and has an "eye spot."

The painted frogfish (Antennarius pictus) is a rarer species in the Indo-Pacific, growing up to 15 cm in size and having an illicium that is twice as long as its second spine. It is distinguished by its bushy esca with compressed appendages and can be easily confused with a juvenile giant frogfish. However, the painted frogfish has three spots on its tailfin and can also have a color phase similar to the warty frogfish, but with triangular markings that do not radiate from the eye.

The striated or hairy frogfish (Antennarius striatus) is another species found in the region, reaching up to 20 cm in size and having an illicium of the same length as its second spine. It is distinguished by its distinctive stripe pattern and its esca, which has large, worm-like appendages.

credit- Christian Gloor

The sargassum frogfish (Histrio histrio) is a species that is leaves offshore, typically found in sargassum weed drifting in the ocean, and therefore is rarely seen by divers. It grows up to 15 cm in size and has an illicium that is half the length of its second spine, as well as a small esca with folds.
We got extremely lucky to spot this fellow near the surface to get this beautiful triple reflection!
(only one frogfish here, the bottom one...)

The psychedelic frogfish (Histiophryne psychedelica) is a very distinctive species with a freaky appearance. It has only been found in a few places around Ambon and is thought to live very deep, coming to diveable depths only to breed. It grows up to 5 cm in size and lacks an illicium and esca.

Credit Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository

To date, there are 49 known species of frogfish, with many more waiting to be formally identified. While they may not be common, frogfish can be found in a variety of habitats and are masters of camouflage, making them an exciting find for scuba divers. Keep an eye out for these weird and wonderful creatures on your next diving trip.

Here are some tips on how to spot, photograph, and appreciate the unique characteristics of these masterful creatures.

Spotting Frogfishes

In addition to their unusual appearance and behaviour, frogfishes are also popular among scuba divers due to the challenge to find them making them all the more attractive! If you are considering seeing a frogfish while diving, it is important to choose your guides carefully. Frogfishes come in a variety of colors and sizes. When searching for frogfishes, keep an eye out for unusual shapes and patterns on your dive. Look for lumps, bumps, and protrusions that may not be part of the surrounding environment. Frogfishes are also known to use their lure to attract prey, so keep an eye out for any movement that seems out of place.

Improve your frogfish shots!

Frogfishes make for excellent subjects for underwater photography, as their unique appearance and behavior make for captivating shots.
Here are some tips to keep in mind to ensure you capture the best shots.

When taking underwater photographs of frogfish, patience is crucial. Avoid touching, poking or disturbing them as they are likely to carry on with their natural behavior, providing great opportunities for capturing stunning shots.
The choice of lens will depend on the size of the frogfish, ranging from 105mm to 10.5mm. However, most mid-range lenses are suitable for capturing these fascinating creatures, and even a compact camera can deliver excellent results.
For intricate details of their camouflage pattern, side lighting is recommended.
Inward-facing strobe positioning is ideal for creating a black background behind the frogfish, even with only a few inches of open water. Leave enough space in the frame to be prepared for capturing unique behavior shots, such as the frogfish using its lure or yawning.
Locking the focus is useful for capturing rapid-fire photos or when photographing black objects, while using a shallow depth of field can create a beautiful bokeh in the background, helping to highlight the frogfish against its surroundings.

In conclusion, frogfishes are a true wonder of the underwater world. By following these tips, you can spot, photograph, and appreciate their beauty and charm. So, the next time you're on a dive trip, keep an eye out for these quirky creatures and be prepared to be mesmerised!

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Discover the magnificent species of sharks that you may encounter in the Andaman Sea.

11/7/2023

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Discover the magnificent species of sharks that you may encounter in the Andaman Sea.

The Andaman Sea in Thailand and Myanmar is a paradise for divers enthusiasts, boasting a diverse ecosystem that is home to an array of captivating marine life. Among the majestic creatures that roam these waters, sharks hold a special place in the hearts of many...

In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of sharks that you can encounter in the Andaman Sea...

9 species of sharks we most often encounter in the Andaman Sea

1. Leopard Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum):

Leopard Sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum)

Also known as zebra sharks, these mesmerizing creatures can be found in the shallow waters of the Andaman Sea. With their distinctive patterns of dark spots and stripes, leopard sharks are a sight to behold. Despite their size, reaching up to 3 meters in length, they are docile and pose no threat to humans.

Type: The zebra shark is the sole member of the family Stegostomatidae.
It is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, frequenting coral reefs and sandy flats to a depth of 62 meter.

Size: 1–3 meters.

Habitat: what site gives you the best changes to see Leopard sharks?
Divers often encounter them at Phuket Shark point resting on sandy bottoms or gracefully gliding through coral reefs.

Reproduction: Zebra sharks are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs instead of giving live birth. They can breed year-round without a distinct mating season. However, they tend to lay their eggs within a 112-day period, typically laying only 3-4 eggs at a time. The eggs are enclosed in brownish-purple casings known as "mermaid purses." After four to six months, the eggs hatch, and the juvenile zebra sharks can fend for themselves and search for food.

2. Whitetip Reef Sharks (Triaenodon obesus)

Whitetip Reef Sharks (Triaenodon obesus)

These sleek and slender sharks are commonly spotted in the Andaman Sea, particularly around rocky reefs and coral formations. Named for their prominent white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins, whitetip reef sharks are nocturnal hunters, often seen resting during the day in crevices or under overhangs. Although they can reach lengths of up to 2 meters, they are generally timid and pose little danger to humans.

Type: Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

What site gives you the best changes to see White tip reef sharks? Divers often encounter them close to deep drop offs in the Similan islands such as elephant head rock or 3 trees.

Reproduction: this species is placental viviparous. Fertilization occurs internally, and the embryos receive nourishment initially from the yolk sac. Later, the yolk stalk converts into an umbilical cord, and the yolk sac transforms into a placenta.
This placental connection allows the embryos to receive nourishment and engage in metabolic exchanges with the mother shark during the gestation period, which lasts for at least five months. This aslo means these sharks have a belly button! Litters of white tip reef sharks consist of 1-5 pups. The length of the newborn pups ranges from 52 to 60 cm. There is no parental care provided by the mother shark after giving birth to the pups.

3. Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus):

Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

One of the most recognizable shark species in the Andaman Sea, blacktip reef sharks are renowned for their distinctive black-tipped fins and slender bodies. These agile swimmers are commonly found in shallow, nearshore waters, patrolling coral reefs in search of small fish and crustaceans. Divers can witness their graceful movements and occasionally observe them leaping out of the water.

Type: Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

What site gives you the best changes to see Black tip reef sharks?
Divers often encounter them in shallow waters and Bida Nok in Phi Phi national park gives you the best chance to see several of them if you remain motionless and quiet.

Reproduction: Black tip reef sharks are viviparous, meaning they give live birth to fully developed pups. After a gestation period lasting seven to sixteen months, varying by geographic location, two to four pups are born, they measure 30 to 50 cm. The female possesses two separate uteruses, each dedicated to nurturing an individual embryo.

4. Nurse Sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus)

Nurse Sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus)

Nurse sharks, with their robust bodies and barbels on their lower jaw, are a common sight in the Andaman Sea. These bottom-dwelling sharks prefer sandy or muddy habitats, often resting during the day and becoming more active at night. Despite their size, which can exceed 4 meters, nurse sharks are generally placid and pose no threat to divers unless provoked.

Type: Carpet shark in the Ginglymostomatidae family

Size: 27cm at birth to up to 4 meters

What site gives you the best changes to see Nurse sharks? The best site to see Nurse shark in our area is around the Burma banks and quiet caves in Mergui Archipelago. While they can be spotted in Thailand, it is more of a rare, less predictable occurance.

Reproduction: an aplacental viviparous species (without a yolk-sac placenta). 20-50 pups per litter. DNA analysis has shown that litters contain young from multiple males.

5. Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier):

Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)

The tiger shark is a captivating and powerful predator found in the North Andaman Sea and Burma. With its distinctive striped pattern and formidable presence, it commands attention. Known for its opportunistic feeding habits and adaptability, the tiger shark is a skilled hunter, preying on a variety of marine life. While encounters may be less common than with other shark species, the Andaman Sea's diverse ecosystem provides a suitable habitat for tiger sharks. Keep an eye out during your explorations for a chance to witness these impressive creatures in action.

Type: Largest of the Carcharinid Sharks

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Tiger sharks? Tigersharks are very rarely spotted in Thailand and Myanmar, we've seen 3 individuals in 12 years of diving the Andaman Sea! Encounters occurred at the Burma Banks, Surin islands and Shark point int he south of the Similan islands.

Reproduction: The tiger shark is the only aplacental viviparous carcharinid, lacking a placental connection to the uterus. Embryos develop in protective shells with a yellowish fluid. They have partially everted stomachs, potentially absorbing extra nutrients from the fluid, resulting in larger pups at birth. Do not confuse Tiger shark and sand tiger sharks. Unlike sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus), tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) do not practice intrauterine cannibalism, refraining from consuming their siblings in the womb.

6. Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)

Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)

The silvertip shark is a sleek and striking predator that patrols the ocean with grace. Named for its distinctive silver-tipped fins, this species possesses a streamlined body built for speed and agility. With its sharp senses and excellent swimming abilities, the silvertip shark is an adept hunter, often preying on schools of fish. It is known for its bold and curious nature, making encounters with this magnificent creature both exhilarating and unforgettable.

Type: Requiem shark in the Carcharhinidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Silvertip sharks? While it generally prefers offshore habitats, it can also be encountered in the Andaman Sea, including the waters around Burma.

Reproduction: Silvertip sharks are a viviparous species with a yolk-sac placenta. Each litter typically consists of 1 to 11 pups. The gestation period of silvertip sharks lasts around 12 months. During this time, the embryos develop inside the mother's uterus, receiving nourishment from a yolk-sac placenta.

7. Gray Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium griseum):

Gray Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium griseum)

Let's take a closer look at the delightful grey bamboo shark! While information about these Thailand-dwelling sharks is somewhat limited, one thing is clear: they have a knack for hiding. These elusive creatures prefer the seclusion of caves or the shelter of coral, making it challenging to gather extensive details about their habits and behaviors.

The grey bamboo shark, with a maximum length of around 80cm, prefers a diet consisting mainly of shrimp, crabs, worms, and other small fish. These sharks have a more leisurely pace and tend to stick close to the ocean floor or find cozy hideouts. It's worth noting that they often get mistaken for other bamboo shark species or even their distant (much larger) relative, the nurse shark.

Type: Carpet shark in the Hemiscylliidae family

Size: Maximum size 80cm. Size at birth less than 13-18cm.

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see bamboo sharks? Volcano and square rocks at the south of Mergui Archipelago have plenty of hiding spots favoured by bamboo sharks but as they lay quite deep into the cracks, you will need the help of a good guide to find them!

Reproduction: bamboo sharks are oviparous. A single egg case develops in each uterus.
Their eggs hatch after 14 to 15 weeks of incubation. One captive female stored sperm for 45 months before fertilization!

8. Coral Catshark (Atelomycterus marmoratus)

Coral Catshark (Atelomycterus marmoratus)

The coral catshark, is a species that is commonly found in the Andaman Sea, including the waters around Burma.

The coral catshark is known for its distinctive appearance, with a marbled pattern of dark spots and blotches on its body. It is a small shark species, typically reaching a maximum length of about 70 centimeters. These sharks are primarily found in shallow, tropical waters, often inhabiting coral reefs and rocky areas.

Like other catsharks, the coral catshark is nocturnal and spends much of its time resting on the seabed during the day. At night, it becomes more active, hunting for small fishes, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. These sharks have slender bodies and are well adapted to navigating through the crevices and coral structures of their reef habitats.

In the Andaman Sea and Burma, the coral catshark is one of the many species that contribute to the rich biodiversity of the region's marine ecosystems. It serves as an important part of the food chain and plays a role in maintaining the balance of the reef ecosystem.

Type: is a species of catshark in the Scyliorhinidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see coral Catsharks?

Steps, a dive site near Koh Lipe in our South Andaman itineraries is your surest bet to sea coral catsharks.

Reproduction: Cat sharks are oviparous (meaning, they lay eggs that hatch after 1 to 6 weeks of incubation). Their eggs are layed in pair.

9. Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)

Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)

Undoubtedly one of the most majestic creatures in the ocean, the gentle giant known as the whale shark occasionally graces the waters of the Andaman Sea. Despite their enormous size, reaching lengths of up to 18 meters, these filter-feeding sharks pose no harm to humans. Snorkelers and divers are blessed with unforgettable encounters as they swim alongside these magnificent creatures, observing their peaceful nature.

Type: Filter feeding sharks in the rhincodontidae family

Habitat/ What site gives you the best changes to see Whale sharks?
While Whalesharks can be spotted anywhere in Thai waters, the Andaman Sea offers several prime locations for shark encounters, such as the Richelieu Rock in the North or Hin Deang, Hin Muang and 8 Mile Rock in the South of Thailand. Renowned for their abundance of marine life including whale sharks, the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar is also a great spot where divers can witness a diverse range of shark species including whale sharks.

Reproduction: Limited information is available regarding the reproductive process of whale sharks. Male whale sharks are considered sexually mature when they reach a length of 8-9 m and can be identified by the presence of claspers near the pelvic fin. However, the size at which females reach maturity is unknown, as well as the existence and location of specific breeding grounds.
Whale sharks are believed to be ovoviviparous (aplacental viviparity), meaning that eggs develop inside the female's body and hatch internally. The embryos lack a placental connection with the mother and are initially nourished by the yolk sac, followed by uterine milk secreted by villi in the internal uterine wall. Once the embryos reach full term, they are live born.

A female whale shark harpooned off the coast of Taiwan contained approximately 300 embryos in her two uteri, ranging in size from 42 to 63 cm. It is suggested that newborn pups typically measure between 55 to 64 cm in length. Similar to other shark species, parental care is not observed in whale sharks.
Learn more about the mystery of baby whale sharks here.

Final Thought

It's important to note that responsible diving practices, such as maintaining a respectful distance and refraining from touching or feeding the sharks, are crucial to protect both the sharks and the delicate marine ecosystem they inhabit.

Diving in the Andaman Sea presents a thrilling opportunity to witness the beauty and grandeur of these fascinating sharks. As ambassadors of the ocean, it is our duty to cherish and respect these magnificent creatures, ensuring their preservation for generations to come.

Attention passionate divers! If you're eager to dive deeper into the world of gentle giants, then the Whale Sharks Special Expedition is an absolute must for you!

Join us on an unforgettable journey through the North and South Andaman Sea, where you'll have the incredible opportunity to learn about these magnificent creatures firsthand. Our expert marine biologist, Kirsty Magson from the esteemed Thailand Whale Shark Project, will provide captivating daily presentations on the mesmerizing world of Whale Sharks. Prepare to be enlightened, inspired, and amazed by this unique expedition!

So, gear up, dive in, and embark on an unforgettable adventure with the sharks of the Andaman Sea onboard The MV Smiling Seahorse !

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Discover the Enigmatic Sea Snakes: Fascinating Creatures of the Ocean

2/7/2023

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Discover the Enigmatic Sea Snakes: Fascinating Creatures of the Ocean

The vast oceans are home to a multitude of captivating and unique creatures, and among them are the enigmatic sea snakes. These serpentine reptiles have adapted to life in marine environments and are renowned for their remarkable features. In this blog post, we will delve into the intriguing world of sea snakes and explore their fascinating characteristics.

Sea snakes belong to two subfamilies, Hydrophiinae (true sea snakes) and Laticaudinae (sea krait, who are semiaquatic).

In Thailand and Myanmar we have the chance to encounter regularly representatives of these two families:

The yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) is a true marine snake (hydrophiinae family) who leaves a pelagic life and never goes on land! We have only encountered this snake during our blackwater dive, offshore, never on the reef.

Yellow-bellied sea snake

The banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina), on the other hand, belong to the Laticaudinae family. They are semi-aquatic with feature adapted to a life between land and the ocean. These are the sea snakes we most often see while diving on the reef.

The banded sea krait (Laticauda colubrina)

Diversity and Distribution

Sea krait on the coral reef

True sea snakes comprise as many as 53 species whilst the partially terrestrial Laticauda or sea kraits comprise five species only.

Both can be found in the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, particularly in regions such as the Coral Triangle, the Andaman Sea, and the Great Barrier Reef.

Curiously, they are not found in the Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, or Caribbean Sea. Their distribution ranges from coastal shallows to deeper offshore waters, and they exhibit various ecological adaptations to their preferred habitats.

Both true sea snakes and sea kraits inhabit the sea, but sea kraits can also be observed on land while true sea kraits are true pelagic.

Both sea snakes and Sea kraits feature a flattened tail that help them swim, but Sea kraits' bodies are cylindrical enabling them to crawl on land, while sea snakes are ribbon like bodies making them even stronger swimmers.

On average, adult sea snakes (including sea kraits) measure between 1 and 1.5 meter in length.

Can Sea Snakes breath underwater

We recently came across another really cool "true sea snake" on a blackwater dive in Myanmar, a Slender-Necked Sea Snake (possibly Hydrophis nigrocinctus). Like other true Sea Snake, it is a highly adapted aquatic species, spending most of its life in the ocean.

This species, found in tropical waters of the Indian Ocean near Southeast Asia and northern Australia, remains mysterious due to its elusive nature and vast habitat.

Despite being known to science, much about its distribution and behaviour remains unknown, making it a compelling subject for further research. Studying it could reveal valuable insights into its biology, behavior, and interactions with other marine species.

Snakes, much like turtles are reptiles not fish, they must periodically swim to the water's surface to replenish their oxygen supply before descending back to the depths of the reef.

While many sea snakes (including sea kraits) need to resurface every half an hour to breathe, certain species of sea snakes (including the yellow-bellied sea snake) possess an extraordinary ability to remain submerged for up to eight hours.

This superpower is made possible by their unique capability to absorb approximately 33% of their required oxygen and eliminate around 90% of carbon dioxide through their skin. The nostrils of a true sea snake (positioned on top of their snout) have the ability to close when the animal is underwater.

Can sea snakes die of thirst

Yes! while surrounded by (sea) water, Sea snakes can die of thirst.
While they live in the oceans, sea snakes cannot extract fresh water from the saline sea. Kraits may drink water from land or the sea surface, but True sea snakes (while they have teh ability to expel part of the salt they ingest) must wait for rain to drink the relatively fresh water floating on the sea's surface.

Are sea snakes venomous or poisonous?

Banded sea krait portrait

Sea snakes are extremely venomous creatures (their bite will create quite a lot of damage), however, they are not considered aggressive towards humans and will only bite if they feel threatened or provoked.

It's important to maintain a respectful distance and avoid handling or disturbing these fascinating creatures if encountered in their natural habitat. The same apply to all underwater creatures: Do not touch!
The same caution should be exercised with snakes found washed up on beaches. Snakes may feign death as a defense mechanism, and even a deceased or decapitated snake can still reflexively bite.

Survival tip: In the event of being stranded at sea, it is possible to consume sea snakes for sustenance. They are not poisonous (ie: can be eaten) but to survive, you better avoid getting bitten!

Diet and predation for sea snake

Banded sea krait on the reef

True sea snakes are skilled predators that primarily consume small fish, fish eggs, and young octopuses. These sea snakes can be active either during the day or at night, displaying versatility in their feeding habits. On the other hand, sea kraits are nocturnal feeders that primarily target eels as their preferred prey. They supplement their diet with crabs, squid, and fish they find while exploring the reef and crevices.

While there have been no observations of sea kraits feeding on land, we know that they do return to land to facilitate the digestion of their prey.
In their natural habitat, sea snakes face predation from eels, sharks, rays and other large fish.

Reproduction and Life Cycle of sea snakes and sea kraits:

Reptiles (including sea snakes) reproduce by laying eggs, but there are two distinct methods of hatching: viviparity and oviparous.

Oviparity is the most common method of reptile reproduction, and it is observed in species like sea kraits (and turtles). Oviparous reptiles lay eggs externally, usually in a safe location where the eggs can develop. The mother does not provide direct nourishment to the developing embryos; instead, the eggs contain a yolk sac that provides the necessary nutrients for their growth.

The banded Sea krait (much like turtles) usually returns to the same beach it was born on to lay its own clutches of up to 10 eggs.
These eggs are then left to fend for themselves and rely on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, for proper incubation. Once the embryos have fully developed within the eggs, they hatch, and the young reptiles emerge.

Viviparity is a reproductive strategy seen in other reptiles, such as yellow-bellied sea snakes. In viviparous species, the embryo develops inside the mother's body and receives nourishment directly from her through a specialized structure, such as a placenta or yolk sac. The mother provides a nurturing environment for the embryos, supplying them with nutrients and protecting them until they are ready to be born as fully developed offspring. This method allows for internal development and live birth, similar to some mammalian species. This adaptation allows the newborn snakes to feed on its very first day and give them a higher chance of survival in the open ocean.

Yellow-bellied sea snake on the blackwater dives

yellow bellied sea snake -Hydrophis platurus

In summary, while reptiles, including sea snakes, generally lay eggs, they employ different methods of hatching. Viviparous species, like yellow-bellied sea snakes, give birth to live young after internal development and maternal nourishment. Oviparous species, such as sea kraits, lay eggs externally, and the embryos develop inside the eggs with nutrients from the yolk sac until they hatch independently.

Conservation and Threat

Like many marine species, sea snakes and kraits face various threats due to human activities and habitat degradation. Pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction pose significant challenges to their survival. Some species are also at risk from accidental bycatch in fishing nets. It is crucial to raise awareness and take steps to protect these remarkable creatures and their delicate ecosystems.

Sea Snakes superpowers

Sea snakes possess some truly fascinating superpowers! Just like their land-dwelling relatives, they use their tongues to gather vital information about their surroundings. But here's the cool part: sea snake tongues are actually shorter than those of regular snakes. Why, you ask?

Sea snake swimming in the blue

Well, it turns out that it's much easier for them to "taste" molecules in the water than in the air. Talk about a handy adaptation!

But wait, there's more! Sea snakes have a nifty trick up their scaly sleeves when it comes to dealing with salt. Since they ingest salt along with their prey, these clever creatures have special sublingual glands located beneath their tongues. These glands work like magic, allowing the sea snake to remove excess salt from its blood and expel it with a flick of the tongue. It's like having a built-in salt filter – pretty impressive, right?

Now, when it comes to sea snake vision, scientists are still unraveling the mysteries. While it seems that their vision plays a limited role in hunting and finding mates, sea snakes have other extraordinary sensory abilities. They possess special mechanoreceptors that help them sense vibrations and movement, giving them a heightened awareness of their aquatic surroundings. Some sea snakes even respond to pheromones to identify potential mates.

But hold on tight, because the superpowers of sea snakes don't stop there. These incredible creatures may have the ability to detect electromagnetic fields and pressure, although the exact cells responsible for these senses are still a mystery to scientists.

Imagine having a sixth sense that lets you perceive things beyond what meets the eye! Sea snakes truly embody the wonders of the underwater world, showcasing a range of remarkable abilities that make them stand out in the snake kingdom.

Look at this incredible video!

Brace yourselves for an extraordinary journey into the depths of the ocean aboard The MV Smiling Seahorse. Get ready to embark on an awe-inspiring underwater adventure where you'll have the chance to encounter an array of remarkable marine life, including these superstars of the sea: sea snakes!

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The blue ringed octopus, small but not defenseless

30/9/2022

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The blue ringed octopus, small but not defenseless

How small is the blue-ringed octopus?

Does size really matter ? ...
Weighting 26g for about 10cm, the blue ring octopus can easily kill a horse with a drop of its venom!

Where can you find blue-ringed octopus?

Most often sighted in Australia, Indonesia, and the Indo-pacific Ocean, Solomon Islands, Philippines and Vanuatu the blue ring octopus is also regularly spotted on some well kept secret muck dives in Thailand !
These colourful octopus prefer to live in sandy/ mucky areas where they blend in perfectly. They are bottom dwellers not found in open water.

The blue-ringed octopus is said to hold two types of venom in its saliva

Is the blue-ringed octopus dangerous?

This shy little octopus is among the deadliest animals on our planet!
That being said "small dogs tend to bite more than big dogs because they need to impress"...
And because the blue ring octopus doesn't have anything to prove... it is also not the attacking type.

This mighty little octopus is said to hold two types of venom in its saliva, both carry enough punch to kill 26 adults, within a few minutes.

The blue-ringed octopus is not agressive, they will not attack humans willingly and prefer to avoid them. A few bites happen every year globally on humans who stepped on one unknowingly, but surprisingly, there have been very few report ever of a deadly bite.

Only 3 death-by-blue-ring-octopus-bite have ever been reported, the other people who got bit experienced progressive muscular weakness leading to difficulty breathing/ swallowing. There is currently no antidote available for this venom however it is temporary and muscles will usually start working again after about 15 hours.

If you think a wetsuit can protect you, remember that octopus' beak is hard and sharp and can easily penetrate through a wetsuit... so please let them be!!!

What is the daily diet of a blue ringed octopus?

Like all other cephalopods, they love Live Seafood!
Blue ring octopus are carnivorous, their favorite meal consists of small crabs, mollusks, other crustaceans. They usually wait until their venom paralyse their prey completely before eating them alive !

And what predators can eat blue ring octopus?

While its soft tissues are extremely poisonous to humans, Murray eels seem immune to it and are the main predator for blue ring octopus but seals, dolphins and whales can also enjoy this exotic treat!

What is there to say about Blue Ring octopus reproduction?

BRO can give birth to up to 100 tiny blue-ringed pup per litter. Just like other octopi, blue-ringed are semelparous creatures, which implies they give birth only once in their lifetime. After a female octopus lays a litter of eggs, she stops hunting to look over her eggs and dies of starvation before they even hatch. 😕😭
Something quite funny about their mating behaviour is that blue-ringed-octopus can't tell a male from a female before starting a sexual act. When two males start to "copulate" it lasts about 30 seconds and no "semen" is released, while when the couple is male-female it may last 160 minutes and spermatophores are exchange. Basically it means that before inserting his attribute (hectocotylus), the male cannot determine the sex of its partner...

the blue-ringed octopus only live about 2 years

After a female octopus lays a litter of eggs, she stops hunting to look over her eggs and dies of starvation before they hatch

How long do blue-ringed octopus live ?

Growing up from the size of your fingernail to the size of a chicken egg, the blue-ringed octopus only live about 2 years, this is the time it takes them to be sexually mature, find a mate and give birth to their first and last offsprings.
It is believed that Octopus are extremely intelligent creatures who could achieve so much more if they lived a little longer to learn from experience and if they could learn from their parents instead of starting alone from scratch...

Blue-ringed octopus close up by Franck Fogarolo

Some other names for the blue-ringed...

Divers affectionally call him BRO but there are actually 4 kinds of blue-rigged octopus in the books:
Greater blue-ringed octopus - Hapalochlaena lunulata (who has the largest rings)
Lesser blue-ringed octopus - Hapalochlaena maculosa (aka Southern Blue-Ringed Octopus)
Hapalochochlaena fasciata and Hapalochochlaena nierstraszi.

Learn more about Cephalopods in this blogpost

The Andaman sea is home to many cephalopods such as octopus, squid and cuttlefish... making them pretty much a guaranteed sighting! Divers are often amazed by the Cephalopods super power of invisibility. Here is a little list of the Cephalopds we most often see around the Andaman Sea...

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Guitar fish: guitar rays or guitar sharks?

What are Guitarfish? "A Ray That Looks Like a Shark"

"Rare Encounter: Bowmouth Guitarfish at the Burma Banks

Diet: What do guitar shark eat?

Reproduction of the guitar rays

Are guitar sharks dangerous?

​​Conservation Status: A Species Under Threat

Fun Facts About Guitarfish

Where can you see Guitarfish

The Colorful World of the Peacock Mantis Shrimp

4 incredible fun facts about the peacock mantis shrimps!

An interesting life cycle

Smasher vs Spearer Mantis Shrimp

​Now, let's answer some of the most common questions people ask about peacock mantis shrimp:

Triggerfish you can encounter while diving in the Andaman Sea

How to Spot, Snap, and Get Mesmerized by the Master of Camouflage: The Frogfish!

Reef clown or reef hunter?

Sex on the reef when you're a frogfish

3 fun facts about frogfishes that you should know about!

Frogfish Identification

​Here are some tips on how to spot, photograph, and appreciate the unique characteristics of these masterful creatures.

Spotting Frogfishes

Improve your frogfish shots!

Discover the magnificent species of sharks that you may encounter in the Andaman Sea.

9 species of sharks we most often encounter in the Andaman Sea

Final Thought

Discover the Enigmatic Sea Snakes: Fascinating Creatures of the Ocean

Diversity and Distribution

Can Sea Snakes breath underwater

Can sea snakes die of thirst

Are sea snakes venomous or poisonous?​

Diet and predation for sea snake

Reproduction and Life Cycle of sea snakes and sea kraits:

Conservation and Threat

Sea Snakes superpowers

Look at this incredible video!

The blue ringed octopus, small but not defenseless

How small is the blue-ringed octopus?

Where can you find blue-ringed octopus?

Is the blue-ringed octopus dangerous?

What is the daily diet of a blue ringed octopus?

And what predators can eat blue ring octopus?

What is there to say about Blue Ring octopus reproduction?

How long do blue-ringed octopus live ?

Some other names for the blue-ringed...

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Conservation Status: A Species Under Threat

Now, let's answer some of the most common questions people ask about peacock mantis shrimp:

Here are some tips on how to spot, photograph, and appreciate the unique characteristics of these masterful creatures.

Are sea snakes venomous or poisonous?